What is the main focus of Cognitive Psychology?
a) The study of mental processes and how they influence behavior
b) The study of the brain and its structure
c) The study of social interactions and their impact on cognition
d) The study of human development and aging
Answer: a) The study of mental processes and how they influence behavior
Which of the following is NOT considered a mental process in Cognitive Psychology?
a) Perception
b) Memory
c) Motivation
d) Attention
Answer: c) Motivation
According to the information-processing model, which of the following is the correct sequence of information processing stages?
a) Encoding → Retrieval → Storage
b) Retrieval → Storage → Encoding
c) Storage → Encoding → Retrieval
d) Encoding → Storage → Retrieval
Answer: d) Encoding → Storage → Retrieval
Who proposed the concept of “schemas” in Cognitive Psychology?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Jean Piaget
c) Albert Bandura
d) Carl Rogers
Answer: b) Jean Piaget
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive bias?
a) Classical conditioning
b) Operant conditioning
c) Confirmation bias
d) Observational learning
Answer: c) Confirmation bias
Which of the following is associated with the concept of “working memory”?
a) George A. Miller
b) B. F. Skinner
c) Noam Chomsky
d) Elizabeth Loftus
Answer: a) George A. Miller
The study of how people acquire, process, and store information is known as:
a) Behavioral psychology
b) Cognitive neuroscience
c) Cognitive development
d) Cognitive science
Answer: d) Cognitive science
Which of the following is a key component of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
a) Hypnosis
b) Medication
c) Psychoanalysis
d) Cognitive restructuring
Answer: d) Cognitive restructuring
Who is associated with the theory of multiple intelligences in Cognitive Psychology?
a) Howard Gardner
b) Abraham Maslow
c) Erik Erikson
d) Lawrence Kohlberg
Answer: a) Howard Gardner
Which of the following is NOT a research method commonly used in Cognitive Psychology?
a) Case study
b) Experiment
c) Survey
d) Psychoanalysis
Answer: d) Psychoanalysis
Which term refers to the mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory information?
a) Perception
b) Attention
c) Memory
d) Encoding
Answer: a) Perception
Who proposed the theory of “cognitive dissonance”?
a) Carl Rogers
b) Leon Festinger
c) B. F. Skinner
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: b) Leon Festinger
The capacity to hold and manipulate information in the mind for a brief period is known as:
a) Long-term memory
b) Sensory memory
c) Short-term memory
d) Working memory
Answer: d) Working memory
Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?
a) Recalling a phone number
b) Remembering the details of a recent event
c) Riding a bicycle
d) Solving a complex math problem
Answer: c) Riding a bicycle
According to the levels-of-processing model, which type of processing leads to the deepest level of memory encoding?
a) Structural encoding
b) Phonemic encoding
c) Semantic encoding
d) Visual encoding
Answer: c) Semantic encoding
Who is associated with the concept of “metacognition”?
a) Noam Chomsky
b) Albert Bandura
c) Elizabeth Loftus
d) John Flavell
Answer: d) John Flavell
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive function?
a) Hormone secretion
b) Muscle contraction
c) Problem-solving
d) Digestion
Answer: c) Problem-solving
Who proposed the theory of “information processing” in Cognitive Psychology?
a) Jean Piaget
b) Lev Vygotsky
c) Jerome Bruner
d) Ulric Neisser
Answer: d) Ulric Neisser
Which of the following is NOT a type of memory error commonly observed in Cognitive Psychology?
a) Misattribution
b) Transience
c) Source amnesia
d) Perceptual constancy
Answer: d) Perceptual constancy
The theory that suggests individuals actively construct their understanding of the world through cognitive processes is known as:
a) Behaviorism
b) Constructivism
c) Psychoanalysis
d) Gestalt psychology
Answer: b) Constructivism
Who is considered the father of modern cognitive psychology?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) Sigmund Freud
c) John Watson
d) Ulric Neisser
Answer: d) Ulric Neisser
Which of the following is an example of a heuristic in problem-solving?
a) Trial and error
b) Algorithm
c) Mental set
d) Availability heuristic
Answer: d) Availability heuristic
Which branch of psychology examines how people acquire, process, and store information?
a) Social psychology
b) Developmental psychology
c) Cognitive psychology
d) Personality psychology
Answer: c) Cognitive psychology
The process of transforming sensory information into a meaningful representation is known as:
a) Perception
b) Attention
c) Encoding
d) Retrieval
Answer: c) Encoding
Who proposed the theory of “cognitive development”?
a) Jean Piaget
b) Erik Erikson
c) Lawrence Kohlberg
d) Lev Vygotsky
Answer: a) Jean Piaget
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive restructuring technique?
a) Systematic desensitization
b) Token economy
c) Thought stopping
d) Reframing
Answer: d) Reframing
Which memory system has a very large storage capacity but a limited duration?
a) Sensory memory
b) Short-term memory
c) Long-term memory
d) Working memory
Answer: b) Short-term memory
The tendency to fill in gaps in our memory with plausible but inaccurate information is known as:
a) Suggestibility
b) Priming
c) Chunking
d) Reconstruction
Answer: d) Reconstruction
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of attention?
a) Selectivity
b) Limited capacity
c) Automaticity
d) Permanence
Answer: d) Permanence
Who proposed the concept of “cognitive maps”?
a) Abraham Maslow
b) Albert Bandura
c) Edward Tolman
d) Carl Rogers
Answer: c) Edward Tolman
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive bias related to decision-making?
a) Observational learning
b) Anchoring bias
c) Classical conditioning
d) Operant conditioning
Answer: b) Anchoring bias
The process of maintaining attention on a particular stimulus over an extended period is known as:
a) Divided attention
b) Selective attention
c) Sustained attention
d) Executive attention
Answer: c) Sustained attention
Who proposed the theory of “social cognitive learning”?
a) Abraham Maslow
b) Albert Bandura
c) Carl Rogers
d) Erik Erikson
Answer: b) Albert Bandura
Which of the following is NOT a stage of memory according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
a) Sensory memory
b) Working memory
c) Episodic memory
d) Long-term memory
Answer: c) Episodic memory
The mental process of actively and consciously focusing on specific information is called:
a) Perception
b) Attention
c) Encoding
d) Retrieval
Answer: b) Attention
Who is associated with the concept of “fluid and crystallized intelligence”?
a) Howard Gardner
b) Robert Sternberg
c) Raymond Cattell
d) David Wechsler
Answer: c) Raymond Cattell
Which of the following is a characteristic of expert problem solvers?
a) Reliance on algorithms
b) Limited working memory capacity
c) Less use of heuristics
d) Difficulty in recognizing patterns
Answer: c) Less use of heuristics
The theory that suggests that information is more likely to be remembered when it is deeply processed is known as:
a) Levels-of-processing theory
b) Dual-coding theory
c) Interference theory
d) Consolidation theory
Answer: a) Levels-of-processing theory
Who proposed the theory of “concept formation” in Cognitive Psychology?
a) Jean Piaget
b) B. F. Skinner
c) Jerome Bruner
d) Noam Chomsky
Answer: c) Jerome Bruner
Which of the following is an example of an executive function?
a) Language comprehension
b) Emotional regulation
c) Face recognition
d) Decision-making
Answer: d) Decision-making
Who proposed the theory of “working memory”?
a) George A. Miller
b) Elizabeth Loftus
c) Alan Baddeley
d) John Watson
Answer: c) Alan Baddeley
The process of mentally breaking down information into smaller units is known as:
a) Chunking
b) Encoding
c) Retrieval
d) Priming
Answer: a) Chunking
Who is associated with the concept of “zone of proximal development”?
a) Jean Piaget
b) Lev Vygotsky
c) Erik Erikson
d) Lawrence Kohlberg
Answer: b) Lev Vygotsky
The theory that suggests people’s behavior is determined by their perceptions and interpretations of the world is known as:
a) Behaviorism
b) Social constructivism
c) Gestalt psychology
d) Cognitive dissonance theory
Answer: b) Social constructivism
Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?
a) Operant conditioning
b) Priming
c) Method of loci
d) Schema
Answer: c) Method of loci
Who proposed the theory of “theory of mind”?
a) Jean Piaget
b) Lev Vygotsky
c) Lawrence Kohlberg
d) David Premack
Answer: d) David Premack
The process of transforming stored information into a usable form is known as:
a) Retrieval
b) Perception
c) Attention
d) Encoding
Answer: a) Retrieval
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive approach to studying language development?
a) Classical conditioning
b) Social learning theory
c) Information processing theory
d) Psychoanalytic theory
Answer: c) Information processing theory
The cognitive bias that involves relying on readily available examples that come to mind is called:
a) Confirmation bias
b) Representative bias
c) Availability bias
d) Anchoring bias
Answer: c) Availability bias
Who is associated with the concept of “self-efficacy” in Cognitive Psychology?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Albert Bandura
c) Carl Rogers
d) Abraham Maslow
Answer: b) Albert Bandura