Which of the following is the primary function of the vertebrate kidney
a) Blood circulation
b) Digestion
c) Osmoregulation
d) Muscle contraction
Answer: c) Osmoregulation
In which part of the vertebrate kidney are glomeruli found
a) Cortex
b) Medulla
c) Renal pelvis
d) Ureter
Answer: a) Cortex
What is the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney responsible for urine formation
a) Nephron
b) Bowman’s capsule
c) Collecting duct
d) Loop of Henle
Answer: a) Nephron
The process by which substances move from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule is known as:
a) Filtration
b) Secretion
c) Reabsorption
d) Excretion
Answer: a) Filtration
Which part of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of water and essential solutes
a) Proximal tubule
b) Distal tubule
c) Loop of Henle
d) Collecting duct
Answer: a) Proximal tubule
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) plays a crucial role in:
a) Increasing urine production
b) Decreasing urine production
c) Maintaining blood glucose levels
d) Stimulating appetite
Answer: b) Decreasing urine production
The hormone aldosterone regulates the reabsorption of:
a) Sodium and potassium
b) Glucose and amino acids
c) Urea and creatinine
d) Carbon dioxide and oxygen
Answer: a) Sodium and potassium
What is the role of the Loop of Henle in the vertebrate kidney
a) Filtration of blood
b) Secretion of waste products
c) Reabsorption of water and ions
d) Formation of urine
Answer: c) Reabsorption of water and ions
Which type of vertebrate has the most complex and highly organized kidneys
a) Fish
b) Amphibians
c) Birds
d) Mammals
Answer: d) Mammals
The process of expelling urine from the bladder out of the body is known as:
a) Filtration
b) Secretion
c) Reabsorption
d) Micturition
Answer: d) Micturition
The structure that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder and transports urine is called:
a) Renal artery
b) Urethra
c) Nephron
d) Glomerulus
Answer: b) Urethra
Which of the following is NOT a waste product commonly excreted by the vertebrate kidney
a) Urea
b) Creatinine
c) Glucose
d) Ammonia
Answer: c) Glucose
The hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels is:
a) Insulin
b) Aldosterone
c) Erythropoietin
d) Thyroxine
Answer: c) Erythropoietin
Which part of the nephron plays a vital role in the regulation of acid-base balance in the blood
a) Proximal tubule
b) Distal tubule
c) Collecting duct
d) Loop of Henle
Answer: b) Distal tubule
In which vertebrate group are the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros sequentially found during development
a) Fish
b) Birds
c) Reptiles
d) Mammals
Answer: d) Mammals
The countercurrent exchange system in the loop of Henle is essential for:
a) Active transport of ions
b) Passive transport of water
c) Maintaining blood glucose levels
d) Facilitating nerve impulses
Answer: b) Passive transport of water
The hormone responsible for promoting water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney is:
a) Aldosterone
b) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c) Thyroid hormone
d) Parathyroid hormone
Answer: b) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which of the following is a function of the distal tubule in the vertebrate kidney
a) Filtration of blood
b) Reabsorption of water
c) Reabsorption of glucose
d) Secretion of ions and waste products
Answer: d) Secretion of ions and waste products
The reabsorption of water and ions in the nephron is primarily driven by:
a) Active transport
b) Passive diffusion
c) Osmosis
d) Facilitated diffusion
Answer: c) Osmosis
Which part of the vertebrate kidney is responsible for maintaining the concentration gradient essential for water reabsorption
a) Proximal tubule
b) Distal tubule
c) Loop of Henle
d) Collecting duct
Answer: c) Loop of Henle